Hal yang terpenting kita ketahui bahwa dalam penerjemahan terdapat banyak sekali alternatif-alternatif terjemahan dari sebuah teks bahasa sumber. Alternatif-alternatif yang dipilih tersebut tentu harus memenuhi syarat sebagai sebuah terjemahan yang baik dan benar, menyerupai dibahas dalam modul Saudara serta 4 level dalam penerjemahan yang dikemukakan oleh Newmark yang kami kutip di bawah ini.1. The textual level (the level of the source text).
At this level, you translate, or transpose, the syntactic structures of the source text into corresponding structures in the sasaran text. Often you will find that, for a variety of reasons, you will have to change these structures into something quite different further down the line to achieve target.
2. The referential level.
As mentioned above, this is the level of content, so here you operate primarily with the message (or information) or semantics of the text. This is where you decode the meaning of the source text and build the conceptual presentation. This is where you disambiguate polysemous words and phrases and where you decode idioms and figurative expressions. This is where you figure out whether what the locution(s) and illocution(s) of the source text are and what the perlocution might be. Once you have decoded the word or expression in question, you encode it into an appropriate sasaran language expression. Note that there will be cases, like idioms and metaphors, in which you will have to use literal expressions in the sasaran language, because it does not have any corresponding idioms or metaphors. The referential level and the textual level are, of course, closely intertwined, as the nature and texture of the source text conveys the message, and, of course, you also encode the message, using language, into the sasaran text
3. The cohesive level.
The cohesive level links the textual and the referential levels in that it deals with the structure/format of the text and information as well as with what Newmark calls the mood of the text (let us call it the tone instead so as not to confuse it with grammatical mood). At the structural sublevel, you investigate how various connectors, such as conjunctions, enumerations, repetitions or reiterations, definite articles and determiners, general category labels synonyms, punctuation marks, simple or complex conjuncts, link sentences and structure the textand what Newmark calls its train of thought – which is basically its underlying information structure. You establish its tone by finding so-called value-laden and value-free passages, such as subjective and objective bits, euphemisms, and other framing devices, framing being the strategy of linguistically presenting something in the perspective of one's own values and worldview, in a way promoting these. All of this will have to be somehow transferred into the sasaran text so you achieve maximal equivalence at this level to.
4. The level of naturalness
This level is sasaran text oriented, focusing exclusively on the construction of the sasaran text. What is important here is that: the sasaran text makes sense; the sasaran text reads naturally like any other text composed in the sasaran language. This is apparently more difficult than one might expect, because one tends to reproduce a lot of grammatical structures, phrases and wordings which are natural in the source language but, while possible in the sasaran language, which do not feel natural as such in the sasaran language. Newmark lists some typical persoalan areas here: word order; one-to-one translation making common structures seem unnatural; false friends (cognate words, participles, infinitives and nominalizations.
(Sumber: Materi Kuliah Translation UT)
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Penerjemahan
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